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https://www.everyscript.de/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.pl General Public License >> The GPL >> GNU General Public License (GPL) https://www.everyscript.de/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.pl?num=1068569483 Message started by Forum Admin on 11/11/03 at 17:51:23 |
Title: GNU General Public License (GPL) Post by Forum Admin on 11/11/03 at 17:51:23 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you". Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. 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These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. 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If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author> This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. |
Title: Re: GNU General Public License (GPL) Post by Fred on 11/20/03 at 15:27:57 My Truth anyway. A few weeks back I finally switched my entire computing life back to linux. I say "back" because I am a pretty old school linux guy - at least by averages I suppose. I first installed linux during my masters degree in the early 90's. Since all my academic work was unix based, it all worked in linux too. Subsequently, I started working in Java which just fed my ability to stay in linux for my work environment. I programmed the entire engine of my company's first product DashO in linux. The GUI was made by other guys in windows - if thats any testament to how well Java can glue the two together. So I'm back to linux. I chose Redhat 9 because although I was a crusty old Slackware guy, I hated finding those fancy RPM install packages running around the net that were always a pain to make work in Slack. Yeah, yeah, save your emails about how easy "alien" is and all, redhat was easier. Talking about linux through its history is interesting but its far more interesting to talk about it today. One thing I always hear is how solid linux is compared to windows. Well, you know what? It used to be. But right now I can say from personal experience all the crap sitting on top of the kernel including X and gnome and kde and huge friggin office packages crash my desktop once or twice a week. Thats not much, but my windows XP box never crashed. Sure windows applications crash, but if there is one thing Microsoft got right was not letting an application bring the OS down with it. So, as always, linux is rock solid. Put all that shiny open source software written by a bazillion un-quality-controlled programmers on top of it though, and its far less solid. I always loved linux because I love to tinker. The trick is that linux doesn't just let you tinker - it FORCES you to tinker. Redhat has done a crazy good job providing little gui's that let me auto-configure things (I wont miss the samba config file ever). Its nowhere near windows but then again it isn't supposed to be. I'm sure there are a hundred of those little helper GUIs I havent found, because I know where the config files are for every package I care about and I do it the way I know how. Mind you I never exactly remember the syntax of every little config file, but there's always how-tos and I'm pretty good at looking those up. I originally got away from linux because it took too much time (eventually) to configure things. At some point I just wanted things to "work" and go programming or something. Apparently, that part of me cooled off and I'm ready to waste days here and there making something trivial work again. Of course throughout this, I put linux on my laptop too. Unfortunately, the latest Redhat did not support the power management system in laptop, I had to patch the kernel. My wireless card is still dead (haven't had the afternoon to get that working yet) and printing to my very normal Minolta 1250W would require a windows box, ghostscript and some voodoo from the references I've found. Not a great testament to linux's usability as I still have to patch a friggin kernel to get a 2.5year old laptop's wireless card to work. Linux on the desktop is a long way off. Well, actually, I suppose its in front of me right now. However, its a long way off for my mom. My mom can whip up chicken paprikash faster than you can ask for it, but she hasn't a clue on patching kernels and isn't particularly motivated to learn about it either. You may doubt it by now, but I am still a linux lover (unix really). Much in the way linux forces you to tinker, Windows does everything for you. And, of course, thats the only option. If the driver says it can't find your printer, pointing at it and screaming "Its right there!" isn't going to help. You're done. At least with linux you can go into its brain and change its mind (unless apparently, its my Minolta). I've also heard linux zealots yip about how great it is not to be the subject of so many viruses (as windows is). Thats true, linux viruses are rare and don't propogate well. On the other hand there are some real peachy hacker clubs that can break into your linux box in about 9 seconds and install an invisible rootkit into them. All you have to do to stay ahead of these script kiddies is to keep your software up-to-date. Yeah, no sweat. Every morning you wake up, start checking the security sites to find out about new software exploits that the bad guys have known about for weeks. If you have a linux server on an open network I highly suggest you check for rootkits on it. Try Chkrootkit for a great starting point. Hand-in-hand with all this is open source software. I'm pretty sure thats a terrible name, because 99.9% of the time I say "open source" software, I mean FREE software. I really rarely care if I have the source code, I'm looking for a piece of software that will do the job. If I find a open-source-free piece of software that "almost" does the job, too bad, not interested. Chances are that modifying some monolithic piece of software to do something my way is anti-productive. For example, I have a server that came with redhat 9 on it. Redhat 9 includes apache (which I need). However, Redhat 9's apache does not include encryption (i.e. SSL) support. So, I had to get the apache source and perform a compilation that has probably been done a billion times - I recompiled apache with SSL support. Lets say I wanted to change that source (hey! its open source!). Basically, I've condemned myself to either never upgrading apache (upgrades have security fixes in them among other things) or re-applying my code changes to the new versions as they come out. I'm sure there are people unlike me that have benefitted from apache being open source, but I'm quite confident the whole idea is overrated. The idea that I had to compile apache with SSL support for Redhat 9 is ludicrous. I'm sure that EXACT act has happened millions of time. God forbid I have something slightly off in my configuration too and the happy compile crashes with some bizarre error. We can step back a second -- why do we HAVE open source? What kind of idiot does a whole crapload of work and then GIVES it away for FREE? Hello? McFly? First off, its someone who isn't hungry. Laugh if you will, but if you didn't have that shiny bimmer in garage (or the nintendo dad bought you) you might think a tad more entrepenurial. You never see hammers at the store for free. Granted, hammer's have materials that cost money, so let me restate - you never see hammers at the store priced for what they cost to make. Why would someone give away software at cost? Even mechanics charge for labor. Why the heck does open source exist? To make the world a better place? May be. I'm pretty sure that fame is one reason. The typical open source developer doesnt own a company or even have a good idea how to start one when they start an open source project (that often changes later if the project is a success). This is probably not because they are lazy or dumb or any fault of their own, its probably because they are 18. Generally, you're not 18 and the CEO of a billion dollar company - and if you are its rare you have enough time to run that company, think capitalist on one hand, altruistic on another, and code an open source project in the mean time (not to mention high school). If you're 18, you probably believe that the same number of people listen to you as the number of people that listen to such a CEO, but think outside the box a second - it might not be true. CEOs are used to being known. 18 year olds aren't. But in comes the internet - all of a sudden you have a free, ubiquitous, worldwide way to distribute anything you like -- including hammers. In order to actually sell your hammers, you'd have to have a company, a tax id number, and maybe even employees. Instead of all that headache, you show your hammer to your buddy Fred who says "cool hammer!". You show your hammer to your Aunt Edna who says "Neato hammer!". You start giving away your hammers for cost on the internet and you start getting emails of appreciative nail pounders. Message boards pop up around how great YOUR hammers are! Next thing you know you're mentioned on tons of blogs about having wonderous hammers! You are SUPER JOE HAMMER GUY! You could have made money - but how? How about begging? It worked pretty well on mom. People love these hammers, they would obviously pay for them. Some have even offered to donate for your hammers! In comes paypal.. notice those on those open source sites? "Donate to the hammer foundation". Aha! A no-cost, no-overhead, no-funny-tax-forms way to get some money. Not much - but who cares - you're famous. (what a great way to get paid and not have to deal with those pesky IRS people too!) If you're lucky, other people come and ask to help make your hammers better. Thats right, they ASK to be your underling. They hope to share your fame. Sweet - call mom -- you got FOLLOWERS! No, no, call them "disciples".. chics love guys with disciples. The disciples help with the hammers and you keep working on them. The emails of appreciative hammer users keep you going. If your hammers are really really great, you get lots of disciples. In your spare time, you scoff at Sears - did you know Sears SELLS hammers? What FOOL would BUY a hammer when you give them away? If you had money, you'd buy an ad saying "Hey dumb heads - I am GIVING hammers away! Why are you going to Sears!?". Could there be some enterprise level sales tier that buys tens of thousands of hammers from Sears each day that you don't even have a clue exists? Nah. Dummies.. Sears doesn't get it. Hammers were meant to be FREE! That company is doomed. Sometimes, the disciples get loud. Maybe because they are just loud folks, or maybe because there gets to be a lot of them. You better fight to keep control you know - these are YOUR hammers. Sometimes those disciples branch off and tell you to goto hell. They go make their OWN hammers (see the XFree project - this thread captures some of the spirit). If you're at this point, you're obviously making something people want. And if there is something that has enough demand to it, you'll get competition. That's competition besides the traitor disciples (infidels!). Competition you say? You mean you have to compete to give away something? What kind of silly world do we live in where people compete to give away stuf (besides drugs and web browsers of course). You'd better get lawyers. Those scumbags who are trying to steal your market of people that don't pay you are up to something funny! What if they STEAL the free, open-source code you gave away for free and give it away free themselves!? darn them! The Judas disciples can smoke a turd in hammer hell for all you care. You also realize that this hammer project is taking a lot of time. Users are calling for support and features. Sure would be nice if you could pull back on your shifts at Mickey D's to devote more time to the hammers. Maybe you can make more money off they hammers? They sure are popular! Idea! First off, start traveling the country giving speeches about your hammers. You're famous you know. People will go to conferences to see you speak on the nuances of handle design. Second, sell support. You already gave away the farm by giving free hammers, can't go back on that now. We'll sell support - thats it! Microsoft does it - why cant you!? What else.. hmm.. T-shirts? How about selling the documentation? And consulting! You can get consulting gigs showing people how to use your hammers. You've helped the economy you know. You took something that cost companies millions before and made it far cheaper (or free). The CEO's thank you. You might have hurt a few little mom-n-pop hammer makers, but thats the breaks. Evil cretins -- CHARGING for hammers indeed. Eventually though, you might get a better offer. Be it from a wife, a new child, or a great new job. There won't be any more time to work on hammers. And since hammers only paid so much, you'll probably have to move on. Others may take over your hammers, they may not. Big companies that relied heavily on your hammers might be in trouble now, they may have to take over your hammers themselves because of their dependence. It was a good run, you'll always be known as Super Joe Hammer. Maybe open source does work. I would love it though if there was a clear distinction in the naming protocol. Currently, there are such things as free open-source, for-pay open-source, free closed-source, and pay closed-source. If I am messing around with one my servers to setup a free blog (like this one) I'm probably inclined to use something free - open-sourcedness being irrelevant. Thanks hammer guy. By the way, I just checked, Sears is still doing just fine. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (This Blog is on the free open-source Xoops content management system, the web server is the free open-source Apache running on the free open-source OS linux operating system. The article was written using Xemacs, a free open-source program that some call an editor, others call 'a way of life'). |
Title: Re: GNU General Public License (GPL) Post by thisolddoll on 11/22/03 at 21:08:31 ;D Dear Fred, You hit the nail on the head! I love your analogy. I suppose the idea of Open Source is flexibility and a desire to promote the enviromnent. As for why it's free, a programmer is like an artist. He loves his work. If nobody ever bought one of his paintings, he'd still paint. For a programmer (or hacker and I suppose, to some twisted degree, even a cracker) when something finally works, it's a rush - and an accomplishment he wants to share. With the exclusion of work by crackers, the though whole community is enriched by his efforts. He spawns new ideas for enhancements or even for whole new programs. Whether these programs ever get used is not the issue. The fun is in getting there. College was a lot more fun than any job I found as a result of the education. In the real world, I found that when I was in programming mode, there were very few people I could talk to. 'Well, Michele, what have you been up to?" And as I started to tell them, I could see their eyes glaze over and I knew I might as well have been talking to my cat. At least my cat LOOKED interested in what I had to say! So Open Source is free but as a commercial product, it's unfinished. It's up to the person who wants to use it to finish it in his own way. As for the person doing the writing, I always thought it was as Dieter said in his last subroutine of eAuction161 - something like - make of it what you will or just burn it. Thanks for the article! Michele |
Title: Re: GNU General Public License (GPL) Post by Forum Admin on 11/23/03 at 15:38:10 Not bad, not bad - Fred and Michele ... :D I can see clearly that I have to offer the next version for money in order to be not once again an idiot like 'Hammer Joe'. |
Title: Re: GNU General Public License (GPL) Post by thisolddoll on 11/23/03 at 17:15:24 Wasn't the originator of MS-DOS a "Hammer Joe"? If it had been protected by GNU then he couldn't have taken Bill Gates' $5000. ;D |
Title: Re: GNU General Public License (GPL) Post by Forum Admin on 11/23/03 at 17:51:42 Nope ... he wasn't but he was not able to assess the worth of his program. |
Title: Re: GNU General Public License (GPL) Post by osprod on 07/24/17 at 09:36:52 Thanks for posting this in the public domain, good to read and spend time. I like Linux and not so much win, though I started with win 3.2 lol that was long ago. Had it all backed up on 3.5 floppy disks. New ventures in Web building and like cgi scripts |
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